In nature there are two stable isotopes Cu63 and Cu65. The lightest of these is the most abundant (69.17%). Have been characterized so far 25 radioactive isotopes of which the most stable are the Cu67, Cu61 the 64Cu and with half-lives of 61.83 hours, 12.70 hours and 3.333 hours respectively. Other radioisotopes with atomic masses from 54.966 amu (Cu55) to 78.955 amu (Cu79) have half-lives of less than 23.7 minutes and most do not reach 30 seconds. Isotopes Cu68 and Cu70 have metastable states with a half-life greater than the ground state.
isotopes lighter than stable Cu63 decay primarily by beta emission positive, resulting in nickel isotopes, while the heavier stable isotope Cu65 decay by negative beta emission resulting zinc isotopes. 64Cu isotope Zn64 decays generated by electron capture and beta decay by 69% positive and negative beta decay generates Ni64 in the remaining 31%. Chemical characteristics
In most of its compounds, copper has low oxidation states, the most common the +2, but also a few with oxidation state +1. Exposed to air, the original salmon-red color turns red purple by the formation of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to black later by the formation of cupric oxide (CuO). The blue color of Cu +2 is due to the formation of ion [Cu (OH2) 6] +2.
Biological properties In plants, copper has an important role in the process of photosynthesis and is part of the composition of plastocyanin. About 70% of the copper plant is present in chlorophyll, especially in chloroplasts. The first symptoms in plants copper deficiency appear as narrow, winding sheets, as well as tips whitish. Panicle and seed pods may appear empty by a severe deficiency of copper, causing serious economic losses in agriculture.
Copper contributes to the formation of red blood cells and the maintenance of blood vessels, nerves, bones and immune system and is therefore essential to human life. Copper is found in some enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.
copper imbalance in the body when there is excessively causes a liver disease called Wilson's disease, the origin of this disease is hereditary, and besides causing liver disease also damages the nervous system. It is a rare disease. Copper deficiency can occur in children with a diet low in calcium, especially if they have diarrhea or malnutrition. There are also diseases that decrease the absorption of copper, such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis or restrictive diets lead. Health precautions
copper
Although copper is a trace element necessary for life, high levels of this element in the body can be harmful to health. Inhalation of high levels of copper can cause irritation respiratory tract. Ingestion of high levels of copper can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Excess copper in the blood can damage the liver and kidneys and even cause death. Orally ingesting a quantity of 30 g of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans.
The World Health Organization (WHO) in its Guide to drinking water quality recommended maximum level of 2 mg / l. The same value has been adopted in the European Union limit value of copper in drinking water, while in the United States Environmental Protection Agency has established a maximum of 1.3 mg / l. Water with copper concentrations above 1 mg / l can mess to wash clothes and make unpleasant metallic taste. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry United States recommends that to reduce copper levels in drinking water that is piped in copper, run the water for at least 15 seconds before drinking or using first time in the morning.
COPPER IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
Copper is a trace mineral that can be found in large amounts in liver and muscle of animals and in smaller proportions in the skeleton, skin, wool and the iris of the eye.
dietary copper requirements vary widely between species. The recommended levels for a species can cause toxicity in another. For example, 10 ppm is the level recommended by the NRC (National Research Council, USA) for dairy cattle, but under certain conditions 10 ppm can cause toxicity in sheep. By way of comparison, the finishing pigs fed often with 100 to 250 ppm copper in the diet to improve growth. According to NRC, poultry require approximately 8 ppm of copper.
Sheep are unique in regard to accumulate copper in the liver more readily than other farm animals. Over a period of time, can reach levels of 1000-3000 ppm of copper in dry matter. Because of the variation on the recommendations of the concentrations of copper in different animals, it is difficult to maintain a level of copper in a mixture of trace minerals for all species. One alternative would be to have a product low in copper for sheep and a high-copper product in other species. This would ensure that all species would receive an appropriate amount of copper without the risk of copper toxicity in sheep. Pork producers using copper as a growth promoter, will continue in addition to supplementing extra copper found in the mixture of trace minerals.
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